Etienne bernot



UNITED SAES PATNT OFFICE.

ETIENNE BERNOT, OF PARIS, FRANCE.

MACHINE FOR CUTTING FILES.

Specification of Letters Patent No. 29,236, dated July 24, 1860.

To all 'whom fit may concern:

Be it known that I, ETIENNE BERNOT, of Paris, France, have invented anew and useful Machine for Cutting Files, and do hereby declare thenature of the said invention and in what manner the same is to beperformed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by thefollowing statement thereof, reference being had to the drawingshereunto annexed and to the figures and letters marked thereon.

My invention consists in new mechanical arrangements for theconstruction of a machine for cuttingtiles.

Drawing I represents a front elevation of the machine (Figure l).Drawing I, also represents a side elevation of the machine and a sectionthrough A B, and E, F, Fig. l, for showing more clearly the interior ofthe machine (Fig. 2) Drawing II, plan of the whole machine (Fig. l) Fig.2, Drawing II, represents a vertical section through the line X X of theDrawing II (Fig. I) Fig. 3, Drawing II, is a section through I), O, Fig.2, Drawing II, and through R, S, Drawing II, (Fig. l); Fig. 4 representsa front view of the buffer and in the manner in which the half circularfile is fixed; Figs. V and 6 also represent the manner of xing the threesided and rat-tail files.

A, B, C, D, represent a cast-iron frame, upon which the various parts ofthe machine are set. up; E, F, lower part of the frame, serving asfoundation to the machine; this part is hollow internallyT and by itsarrangement allows the connecting rod V shown by dotted lines, to workvertically, as represented in Drawing I; but chiefly in Fig. 2, DrawingII, which, being a vert-ical section, shows the working and the mannerin which motion is communicated more clearly; G, stone pedestal, bywhich the whole of the machine is supported. The bolts a, rz., aresealed into the pedestal and run through the iron foundation E F andplate O, uniting them together, so as to form but one piece. H,cast-iron pulley,

(the diameter of which may vary,) serving to put in motion the whole ofthe machine; L M N, horizontal shaft, set in motion by pulley H, andmounted on a barrel L, turning around in a socket L, forming part of theshaft L M N and cogging by means of y the lever J in J, thus setting theshaft in motion as herein-before described; I, fly wheel, fixed upon thebarrel of t-he pulley, and serving to regulate the rotative motion l ofthe shaft L, M N; K, K, plummer blocks forming part of the frame and inwhich the horizontal shaft L, M, N, works; O, cam, mounted upon and xedto the center O2 of `the horizontal shaft by a conical shoulder runningthrough it, and a screw which fastens them together, as shown in Fig. 2,Drawing II. This cam being fixed to the horizontal shaft encountersduring the revolution of the latter the ram beam I), G, which slidesbetween two grooves V, cut in the upright of the frame, and gives to itan ascending movement. R, ring, inclosing eccentric B; during themovement of the horizontal shaft, the ring B, fixed to the rod S, givesto the latter a to and fro movement as shown in Drawing I (Fig. 2), andDrawing II, (Fig. l). T, balance lever, jointed at the point U, V, andpivoting by means of the axis X. This connecting rod has toward itscenter a groove which allows it to ascend or descend according to thecatch Y. The catch Y at each to and fro movement causes the ratchetwheel Z to turn, by pushing it before it. The stroke of the catch Y isalways calculated so as to cause the ratchet wheel Z to advance one cogat each movement. A, counter catch, for preventing the ratchet wheel Zmaking a retrograde movement; it is movable on the point B and can, bymeans of the grooved piece B, C, which receives it, advanee or recedewith it, according to the required inclination. This inclination isalways regulated by that of the cog of the ratchet wheel, which variesin size according to the degree of tineness to be obtained. In order toprevent the rising of the catches, two springs bear constantly on thepoints Y of one, and on A. of the other. D', small horizontal shaft, setin motion by the ratchet wheel Z; at the extremity of this shaft is apinion E', upon which the cog wheel F works. This wheel is set upon ahorizontal shaft G, to the middle of which is fixed a pressure eccentricH; the spokes lwhich serve to form the circumference have beencalculated, so as to press continually in its rotation in aproportionate manner upon a spring I; it only travels over threefourthsof the circumference, and as this movement has been determined by thelength of the file, it therefore follows that each time one of thesurfaces of the file has been cut, the wheel F returns and imparts to itits motion by means of the two hand levers J 2, which form part of thesaid wheel F. The handles also serve as a mark for replacing theeccentric` at its starting point at each new cutting. I, main temperedsteel spring, fixed by a counter plate kand two screws to the center ofa movable shaft K. Another small spring L2, also fixed to the shaft K',rests upon a stop M, and serves to prevent the main spring I from takinga vertical direction, which owing to the mobility of the shaft K, towhich it is fixed, would otherwise take place. During the action of themachine the eccentric I-I is -constantly in contact with the main springI. It will be readily understood, bearing in mind t-he ascendingmovement which the cam imparts to the beam P, Q, that the beamencounters the main spring each time, and consequently the elastic forceof the latter varies according to its contact with the eccentric. Thebeam P, Q, is provided at its lowest end with a graver or chisel N,which is firmly fixed by a counter plate, which with two bolts runningthrough it, prevent the chisel N acting on the beam itself.

The carriage of the graver should always be perpendicular to the axis ofthe beam P, Q, and consequently have its edge parallel to the surface ofthe file to be cut;` when once this object is obtained, the file,notwithstanding the irregularities of thickness in all its transversesections will always present a line of contact parallel to the cuttingedge of the graver. It will be seen by the preceding, that as theelastic force of the main spring I upon the beam varies in proportion asthe eccentric performs its movements, this beam descends with more orless force, and consequently, by means of the graver at its end, cutsthe lines upon the file always of an equal depth. The mechanism workingthe eccentric is arranged that it should exert the strongest pressureupon the middle of the file, where the surface to be cut is the largest,and that the pressure should gradually diminish in advancing toward theextremities and thus produce the cutting of a uniform depth. Themovement of the eccentric is regulated by means of the supports A5, B5,upon which it rests. These supports slide in grooves C5, and are fixedby a semicircular piece D5.

The mechanism for setting the file in motion is as follows: O3,shoulder, forming part of the horizontal shaft M, N; in the middle ofthis shoulder a handle P slides,

with the horizontal shaft M, N, gives to the rod T a to and fro verticalmovement.

At the lower part of the rod T is a small pulley U, jointed to itsextremities, and which sets in motion a connecting rod V, suspended atits other extremity to a pulley X, similar in construction to the pulleyU, but which remains fixed while it pivots on the point V, bolted to theframing of the machine. At the middle of the balance lever V rests avertical rod Z, A3, jointed at Z3, and which also receives a to and frovertical movement from the rod T by means of the balance lever V. Thisrod Z, A2, slides frictionwise in a barrel provided with a shoulder atits lower part, and tapped at its upper part to receive a round nuttedscrew which presses it firmly between the plate, herein-beforedescribed, and set on the framing of the machine and the buffer carrierB3. At the upper part of the rod Z', A2 is another balance lever C2,jointed to the left extremit at D2, as shown in Drawing I., provide witha pulley, also jointed at its lower part at B2, and pivoting upon an earfixed to the buer carrier B3. The righthand side of this balance levercommuni cates to the connecting rod G2, with which it is jointed, anascending and descending movement which it has received from the rod ZA2. The connecting rod G2 can work in any direction, being provided ateach of its extremities a3 with universal joints.

The arched arm J3 which is fixed to the upper part of the connecting rodG2, receives from the latter a to and fro movement, which itcommunicates to the connecting rod L3 which is like the arm J3, formspart of the shaft K2, (as seen in Drawing I., Fig. 2,) working in twoplummer blocks M2, N2. The connecting rod L3 being attached to the smallpulley M3 by the rod N3, jointed to both at the points O3 and P2, givesto the pulley M3 a Vto and fro motion and causes the ratchet wheel R3,to advance one cog each time by the pressure of the cat-ch S2, whichpushes it successively before it. To prevent the pulley M3 moving toofreely, it is attached to a support T2, at the lower part of which is aring cut in two, and reunited by two claws and two screws; this ringrotates freely upon the shaft U2 which receives a circular movement fromthe ratchet wheel R3,forming part of it, by the pressure of a nut withcap V3, against one of the shoulders of the shaft U2.

A counter catch V2 serves to prevent the ratchet wheel from making aretrograde movement; this counter catch can be lengthened or shortenedat will by means of the piece z2, which slides in a screw bolt into aniron plate b3 serving as support to the plummer blocks N2 and M2. lVhenthe length of the catch is determined it is merely necessary to bearstrongly upon the head of the bolt to keep at the same length the catchV2; its length and inclination are always dependent on the fineness ofthe cogs of the ratchet wheel upon which it is to act. It will be seen,from what has been herein described, that the ratchet wheel R3 gives acircular movement to the shaft U2; this shaft, which works in twoplummer blocks B4, B4, is provided at its other extremityv with anendless screw C3, which in turning advances or recedes according to theimpulse given to it by a rack D3, with which it cogs. The rack D3, asrepresented in Drawing T. (Fig. 2), and Fig. 2, Dra-wing H., travels thewhole of the length when sliding through a semihollow cylinder E3, F3,provided at its lower extremity with a groove G3, serving as guide tothis rack. Toward the extremities of this rack are two stops H3, H3,serving to direct the upper part or buffer I3 that rests upon it. Thisbuffer I3 is of the form of a demi-cylindrical prism, and has toward itsextremities two grooves made in it, which slide freely in a transversedirection to the demiprism while held by the stops H3, H3. Thedemiprism, as shown in Fig. 3, Drawing H., moves in a transversedirection to- E3, F 3, with which it moves with a gentle friction; itcan therefore move freely around E, F3, and at the upper surface changeits position from a horizontal to an inclined position either to theright or left. At the upper part of T3, a groove is formed through thewhole of its length, and at the bottom of this groove an iron plate m,is let in, the upper surface of which represents exactly the shape ofthe file which is to be submitted to the action of the machine. Betweenthe file and plate m, as well as upon the lateral side of the file, zincbands are placed, in order that the stroke of the beam P, Q, should notimpair the cut lines already produced.

Fig. 3, Drawing H., shows the manner in which the file is fixed upon thebuffer. In this figure the grooves made in the buffer are shown insection and receive, as shown in plan Fig. 1, Drawing H., two wedges a5,b5, of which the left one is fixed and the right one movable. This lastforms part of a screw with prolonged threads. This screw is supported bya piece of iron fixed to I3 by means of rivets; if therefore, this screwis set in motion by means of its handle n, it causes to advance orrecede the movable Wedge to which it is jointed and which then tightensor slackens the file against fwhich it is applied. The buffer 13 workslongitudinally, by means of an endless screw cogging with the rack D3,upon which it rests. It will be readily understood, on referring to Fig.2, Drawing H., that the motion can also be produced in a transversedirection by means of grooves made toward the extremities of the bufferand sliding freely in the stops H3, H3, of the rack D3. The buffer I3has on each side of its lateral faces seinicircular pieces a2, a2 (shownin black dotted lines,) forming an axis and pivoting in circular grooveshollowed out in the interior of the uprights of the support B3, bywhichthe circular, alternate and vertical movement is given to the buer cai'-rier, and afterwards to the buffer itself. This movement is combined soas to pass from a horizontal to an oblique direction. and form an anglewhich can reach 600, and allows of regulating at will the inclination ofthe cuttings of the file. When the requisite cutting tool is regulated,the whole mechanism is stopped, to prevent any movement from top tobotto-m, by means of an iron rod T, moving at its lower part c round abolt screwed into one of the uprights of the support. At the upper partof this rod is a groove, in which slides a bolt j', screwed into thebuffer carrier. The lateral faces of the said rod are divided into 60parts, so as to correspond to the 60O of the angle that the buffer mayhave to describe. The bolt f then performs the function of slider withthe iron rod T, which, by means of the divisions marked thereon, becomesa scale of verticalinclinations; if, therefore the nuts of the two boltsare strongly pressed, the buffer will be prevented from moving in avertical direction.

It will be seen by the foregoing description that the file, the buffer,its carrier and the support B3 form but one body, which moves in ahorizontal plane, and allows the file, to present itself to the graverfrom right to left for the first cut and from left to right for thesecond. The support is provided at its lower part with a disk B3, inwhich the uprights g, g, already described, are inclosed, and retainedby bolts. A fusee 7L passes through the center of this disk, and acts asa pressure bolt to the plate O, through which it also passes; this fuseeL is held by a head z' at its lower' part and at its upper part by around nut j, pierced with six vertical holes, to receive the key forholding it firm. These several movements are shown in red in Fig. I,drawing H. At the center of the disk B3 at K is a mark which also servesto regulate the cross angular cuttings. This mark, shown by the verticalline K, L, corresponds to a semicircle, divided on each side into 60degrees beginning at the point K. It will be understood that o,beginning at K, the reading of the degrees is either from left to rightor vice versa. p is a plate, having at its center g a groove, shown inblack dotted lines; this plate is fixed to the main frame by means oftwo screw bolts. Behind this plate 79, is a disk, which has at itscenter 1, an axis of the same diameter as the above mentioned groove.This groove is made so as to allow the axes of the counter plate toslide from right to left in it, and to describe in its motion an arc ofa circle, of which the point s, is the center and which pivots on thepoint s, of the plate, to which it is held by a nut t. This movementserves only to regulate the disk, which is fixed to the plate by meansof a nut Z. This disk is shown in Fig. I, Drawing I., in black dottedlines and in Fig. 2 by the letter p, U, dovetailed guide, sliding freelyin the disk 29'; its movement takes place from top to bottom and fromright to left, that is to say, similarly to the disk with which itslides. At the upper part of this guide U, at the point V, a rod isriveted, which acts as an axis, and serves to receive the main lever armof the lever jointed at y, .e and u. The small arm y, e, is held at thepoint .e to the plate p when the apparatus is not in motion. At theextremity of the main arm a is fixed a cast-iron ball, which exerts aconstant pressure upon the guide U, with which it communicates by meansof the rod V, which acts at the same time as a pivot and axis of themain arm :12, A, small crutch moving at b, serving to receive the arm ofthe lever m, which rests upon it at C when the latter ceases to bearupon the guide U. This movement takes place every time a new line is cutand is represented colored red in Fig. I, Drawing I. Owing to thepeculiar arrangement of this part of the machine, when the guide U isonce regulated by the counter plate or disk, in which it slides, it actsas a press and guide at the same time, that is to say, it always forcesthe file, upon which it rests during the cutting operation, to keepparallel to the graver N', by which the cutting is performed. The flatfiles are maintained upon the buffer I3 by means of pressure and zincwedged which embrace three faces of the file submitted to the cutting.

Ibwill now proceed to describe the manner in which the half-round andrats-tail files are fixed upon the buffer I3. For the halfround, seeFig. 4, Drawing II, a Zinc plate CZ is cast, upon which the planesurface of the file (previously cut by the same process as the fiatfile) rests.l The concave part e, which retains one of the convex sidesof the file, is molded upon this file. This plate is held on the buferby two grooves j', j, and is subjected to all the transverse movementsgiven to the buffer. It will be readily understood that if a plummerblock g', g, slides in the buffer carrier E3, F3, and is held to thebuffer by means of a groove made in the semi-disk 7L fixed to thevertical face of the buffer by two screws, that the buffer can movetransversely, and take with it, the plummer block g, g which is keptwith gentle friction by the circular cheek i', i', of the semi-disk 7L.Upon the plummer block g', g, is a movable catch j, held by a spring 7c.This catch forces itself into the openings Z, l', Z', made in the cheekof the semidisk 72, and serves to hold the file steady during thecutting action.

It will be seen in Fig. 4, Drawing II, that an opening corresponds withthe surface of the file to be cut. According to the arrangement shown inthat figure, only one half of the file can be cut at a time. For cuttingthe other half, it suffices to mold another zinc plate in a contrarydirection and to operate in the same manner. For cutting the three-facedfiles and rats-tail form, the arrangement Vof plummer blocks is the sameas for the half-round file, that is to say, the bearing g', g, moveswith the buer only; it is fixed to it by means of two screws e3, z3.Between the internal face and the face of the buffer is a circulargorge, in which a washer a3 about one-third of an inch in thickness,freely moves, and is provided with three equidista-nt holes, for cuttingthe three-faced files and for the rats-tail form there are ten. holes. Ascrew V2, running through the plummer block g', g', is inserted into thebuffer, and forms a projection in the bott-om of the gorge. This screwacts as a support and stop to the washers which successively presenttheir openings to this screw, according as a longitudinal cut isfinished. The zinc plates which receive each of the files are previouslymolded upon them (as for the half-round files), and sink into the bufferby means of grooves made in each side. To prevent the file from movingduring the cutting operation, its end is inserted in openings made inthe washers; these openings are of the same form as the ends they are toreceive. And having now described the nature of my said invention, andthe manner of putting the same into execution, I wish it to beunderstood that I do not confine myself to the precise details ofconstruction herein laid down, as the same may be varied; but

lVhat I claim is,-

l. The peculiar arrangement of the buffer carrier for the manufacture offiles, as herein-before described and referred to in Figs. l and 2,Drawing I, and Figs. 4, 5, and 6, Drawing II.

2. The combination of a chain, composed of levers and connecting rods,with ordinary or universal joints, capable of working in all directions,as herein-before described and referred to in Figs. l and 2, Drawing I.

3. In the arrangement of a guide set parallel to the graver, asherein-before described and referred to in Figs. l and 2, Drawing I, andFig. 2, Drawing II.

4. In the arrangement of an eccentric, the

pressure of which is proportionally exerted upon a spring asherein-before described and 10 referred to in the Figs. l and 2, DrawingI, and Figs. l and 2, Drawing II.

ETIENNE BERNOT. lVitnesses GEO. I-IUTTON, HENRY W. SPENCER.

